Scientology is back in the news these days, and the top story is that Katie Holmes is filing for divorce from prominent Church member Tom Cruise (born July 3, 1962). This is allegedly in part to protect her daughter from the practices of the Church.  

There have been many other major defections and revelations as well, all covered in great detail at the Village Voice by Tony Ortega. There has been so much bad news lately that one writer called it the Summer of Hell for the Church.

Coincidentally, several historic dates in the history of the Church of Scientology occurred in July, so I thought to take a look at that history. They relate to the technology of the Church, criminal law and civil law.
If you’ve seen Scientologists recruiting people on the street, they sometimes use a device called an E-meter to "test your personality".  This device actually just a simple circuit that measures the resistance of your skin to electric current.  There’s very little scientific evidence that this measurement has anything to do with your mental state.

The original e-meter was actually invented by a chiropractor who was a collaborator of L.Ron Hubbard’s.  Volney Mathison was granted his first patent on this device on July 27, 1954.  He applied for and received a second patent on a modified version of the device on July 16, 1957.

Mathison later got into a dispute with Hubbard over credit for the invention of the device, and at one point Hubbard even disavowed its use in Scientology.  Mathison himself gave up on Scientology, and the church started using a slightly different form of the device supposedly invented by Hubbard himself. These patents (and the battles over them) were an early legal tactic of the Church in protecting their methods.

Twenty years later, on July 8, 1977 the US Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a massive raid of Scientology offices in two cities.  This was in response to the organization conducting something called “Operation Snow White” where they attempted to infiltrate various government agencies.  Serious federal charges resulted in several convictions.

The conflict between the Church and its critics moved to the Internet with the creation on July 17, 1991 of the Usenet newsgroup called alt.religion.scientology.  When several key Church documents were posted here, Scientology responded, resulting in a legal battle commonly referred to as “Scientology versus the Internet.” That battle continues, to a certain extent, to this day.

Aside from the revelations about the group being posted in the blogs of key defectors and at the Village Voice, two major books about Scientology were published last summer.  Another major book by Lawrence Wright (based on his 2011 New Yorker article about Paul Haggis) is still in the works.

Skeptic Magazine recently featured a cover story on Scientology by Jim Lippard which covers much more of the background of the Church, you can read more about it here.


You can get a daily dose of the history of skepticism with JREF’s free Today in Skeptic History app for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. Or subscribe for a daily fact on Twitter or Facebook.

(This is adapted from a segment that originally appeared on the Skepticality podcast episode #160)

Tim Farley is a Research Fellow for JREF, and will speak and present a workshop at TAM 2012 in Las Vegas next week.

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written by GeekGoddess, July 06, 2012

Janet Reitman wrote a very readable history of Scientology, which was a best seller last year, named one of their Best Books of 2011, and currently ranked the #2 book in Amazon's Religious Studies/History list.

Amazon.com: Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion (978061888302: Janet Reitman: Books. http://amzn.to/OB0nff

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written by krelnik, July 06, 2012

Thanks for adding that link, GG. Reitman's book was one of the two books I referred to, but I was worried the piece was already too link-heavy.

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written by lippard, July 06, 2012

Tim, thanks for the plug for my Skeptic article.

Geek Goddess--I second the recommendation of Reitman's book. My Skeptic article is really a multiple book review of Reitman's book, Hugh Urban's _The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion_ (which also came out last year), and a bunch of recent self-published books by ex-Scientologists about their experiences. I think Reitman's book is probably the best single introduction to what Scientology is all about. Previously, that title probably belonged to Jon Atack's _A Piece of Blue Sky_.

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written by metzomagic, July 07, 2012

Interesting. So the Katie - Tom split-up is actually due to the Scientology thing? Who knew? :-)

The vagaries of pseudo-religious cults is what got me into the skeptical movement in the first place oh, what, over 15 years ago. And paying attention to what Randi was saying, even way back then, played a big part in that. Everything you always wanted to know about Scientology can be found here in this on-line book by Jon Atack, a former Scientologist:

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/atack/contents.htm

It's a fascinating read, and won't take up more than 2 evenings of your time. If (and only if) more people would take the time to read that, we could wipe the ugly stain of Scientology off this planet within a lifetime. Embarrassingly, I happen to be a pretty big L Ron Hubbard fan because I'm just so into sci-fi... but the fascination ends there.

Years ago, my mom was taken in by Amway, another cult of sorts, of the multi-level marketing variety. But we fortunately got her weaned off of that before it was too late.

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written by Caller X, July 09, 2012

If (and only if) more people would take the time to read that, we could wipe the ugly stain of Scientology off this planet within a lifetime.

Shouldn't we finish off the Jews before we tackle the Scientologists?

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written by metzomagic, July 09, 2012

Caller X said:

Shouldn't we finish off the Jews before we tackle the Scientologists?

OK, I have a pretty dark sense of humour. So I admittedly did get a few lolz out of that :-)

But you do realise that the 'Church' of $cientology is a vindictive, litigious cult that was set up by its founder for the main purpose of exploiting vulnerable people for their money? It is only a 'religion' for tax evasion purposes. Here is an example of their religious doctrine:

Who is Xenu?

Mind you, I suppose from a skeptical viewpoint, it is just as valid as any other religious doctrine. As Hubbard himself said:

Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wanted to make a million dollars, the best way to do it would be start his own religion -- as quoted in the Los Angeles Times (27 August 197

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